Effect on Demand for Coke as a Result of a fall in the Price of Pepsi Essay

Effect on Demand for Coke as a Result of a fall in the Price of Pepsi - Essay Example There is a vice versa effect on the demand for the good whereby the demand decreases as a result of an increase in the price of the good. There are certain factors that affect the demand for a good or a service. There is the effect on the demand for the good and services as a result of the level of income of the consumer. The consumer can demand more goods with a given level of income when the prices of the goods fall. With the same level of income, the consumer demands fewer goods and services if the price of the goods is increased (Hildenbrand, 2014). There is also the effect of demand for goods and services due to the substitution of the goods. The demand for a good and service falls if the price of the substitute good falls since the consumers turn to the cheaper one. The consumers aim at saving and hence prefer the cheaper goods than the expensive substitutes hence affecting the demand for the two goods both negatively and positively. Consumers use different goods to satisfy the ir needs. There are particular goods that can be used to satisfy the same need of a consumer regardless being of different forms. There is usually a rise in the level of demand of one good if the price of the other good rises and the other one falls. An example of such goods is the Coke and the Pepsi product in the market (Hildenbrand, 2014). These products satisfy the same need of the consumers since they are all soft drinks and they can all be used to quench thirst. This serving of the same purpose by the coke and the Pepsi where the coke can be used instead of Pepsi and Pepsi can be used instead of coke to satisfy the same need makes them perfect substitutes. The coke and the Pepsi products being perfect substitutes can have their demands affected differently by changes in their prices. A change of the price of one good would affect the demand for the other good.  

Hiring a New Bartender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hiring a New Bartender - Essay Example ch as determining the need for recruiting, conducting a job analysis, writing a job description and specification for the candidate, fixing the appropriate salary, deciding how and where to find the prospective employees and interviewing them ("The Interview Process: Selecting the right person† par. 2). Mr. Peter Luger has the task of hiring a new bartender. There are four applicants for consideration and as such, he will have to scrutinize every person’s skill and level of qualification before making his choice. John is twenty-five years of age; therefore, he is mature enough to handle the pressures of having to work with the presumably aged people who visit the bar. Since the bar has been in existence for ten years, Luger wouldn’t want to tamper with the reputation that he has already built. At twenty-five, John is neither too old to handle the job nor too youthful to mishandle the patrons of the bar. The fact that he is a college graduate implies that he has the required academic qualifications for the job at hand. John is also experienced in the restaurant business; therefore, there should be no problem on his side handling the clients’ food. Serving alcohol represents a new challenge for the man but since he is an adventurous person, selling alcohol would offer no difficulties for him. Mr. Luger’s sports bar and grill closes late in the night and as such, it is necessary for the bartender to be willing to comply with the owner’s wishes. John has his own means of transportation; therefore, Luger should have no problem convincing the bartender to leave the bar late at night. The only point of John’s undoing is his temper. High tempered individuals may not be the best persons to hire in a position that requires tolerance such as that of being a bartender. It is common knowledge that drunken people are bound to behave arrogantly and sometimes abusively, therefore, this might not bode well for John. Should John lose his temper while handling some of

Hurler Syndrome Disease

Hurler Syndrome Disease Hurlers Syndrome In a persons body every substance is important and should present the right amount of itself to function properly. In this case a very rare inherited disease of metabolism is when a person cannot break down long chains of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans. This disease is known as Hurlers Syndrome which is part of a larger group of diseases more commonly referred to as MPS. Other names for Hurlers Syndrome are alpha-L-iduronate, Mucopolysaccharidoss Type 1, and MPS1H. Other MPS diseases are Hurler Scheie Syndrome, which is a milder feature of Hurler Syndrome, Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome, whose features are very similar to Hurler Syndrome and Sly Syndrome, whose phenotype is similar to that of Hurler Syndrome. Unfortunately, there are many more syndromes within the MPS disease category. Hurlers Syndrome is named after Gertrud Hurler, who was the doctor that described both a boy and a girl with the condition in 1919. Dr. Scheie was a consultant ophthalmologist and in 1962 he wrote about some of his patients who were less severely affected than those previously diagnosed by Dr. Hurler. Those patients who could not be clearly diagnosed as either the severe or milder end of the disease were said to have Hurler Scheie Syndrome. When you have Hurlers Syndrome, your body does not make a substance called lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase. This means that a person without lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase cannot break down long chains of sugar molecules which are used in the building of connective tissues in the body. The sugar molecules are usually found in mucus and in fluid around a persons joints. â€Å"There is a continuous process in the body of replacing used materials and breaking them down for disposal.† What does break down long chains of sugar molecules is a substance called alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme. â€Å"This is essential in cutting up the mucopolysaccharides called dermatan and heparin sulphate. The incompletely broken down mucopolysaccharides remain stored in cells in the body causing progressive damage.† A result of not having the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme is that glycosaminoglycans will build up and damage a persons heart and organs. Symptoms of this disease can be mild or very severe. Hurlers Syndrome is a disease inherited from both parents which means that both parents have to pass the gene to their child in order for the child to have the disease and any child of any race can have it. When a child is born you cannot really tell that they have the disease because they appear healthy at birth. â€Å"Babies may show little sign of the disease, but as more and more cells become damaged, symptoms start to appear.† Most of the symptoms are thick coarse facial features with low nasal bridge, halted growth, progressive mental retardation, cloudy corneas, deafness, joint disease including stiffness, heart valve problems, abnormal bones in the spine, chronic runny nose, hernia, speech problems, hyper activity, depression, pain, and clawed hands. Most people do not notice the facial symptoms until the child is at the age of two. To tell if a person has Hurlers Syndrome, doctors usually do a simple urine test. The test would show extra mucopolysaccharides, but docto rs would not be able to tell what form of MPS that the person has. Thus, Hurlers Syndrome is not diagnosed until many other conditions have been looked into and after which more specific tests have been performed. This is usually done when the child is about six to twenty-four months of age. To treat Hurlers Syndrome, a person would have to have enzyme replacement surgery which helps the body make alpha-L-iduronidase or have a bone marrow transplant to prevent retardation and that only improves some of the symptoms and should be done at a very young age. Scientists state that it is better for a child with the disease to have this surgery at a young age because they will have a better chance of living longer. A person can also have a stem cell transplant surgery and if this surgery is successful many symptoms of the disease are stopped. Seventy-five percent of those whose transplants are from siblings or other close family members have a higher rate of survival than those whose donors are not as closely matched. Many children with a heart disease caused by Hurlers Syndrome cannot have these surgeries due to the fact that their heart is not strong enough to help recover after any surgery. Any other treatments that can treat Hurlers Syndrome depend on the organs which are a ll infected. â€Å"For those children whose diagnosis came too late in the progression of the disease to be eligible for transplant, there is still some hope in a newly approved enzyme replacement therapy.† Young children with Hurlers Syndrome usually end up with nervous system problems and will have the chance of dying at a young age. Experts say that couples with the history of Hurlers Syndrome in their family or any other disease should be tested before they think about having children of their own. Today there is no actual cure for Hurlers Syndrome, but the MPS society is working very hard to find a cure for it. â€Å"About 1 in 160 people are carriers, which result in about a 1 in 25,000 chance of two carriers meeting. Since this disease is so rare the chance of having a partner who is another carrier is very slight provided their partner is not a cousin or other close family member.† Since Hurlers Syndrome is a recessive gene there are only 1 in 4 chances that a child will suffer this disease if their parents are carriers. In this case 1 out of 100,000 children are affected with this rare disease. â€Å"The unaffected children have a 2 in 3 chance of being carriers like their parents, and a 1 in 3 chance of being a normal non-carrier.† The oldest survivor of Hurlers Syndrome is currently in his early twenties and is standing strong, however, most people affected with this disease do not live past the age of twelve.

A Pair of Tickets Amy Tan Essay -- essays papers

A Pair of Tickets Amy Tan Amy Tan’s A Pair Of Tickets is a story concerning family and roots. June May, like the author herself, was a Chinese born in USA and grew up with an American background culture, whereas her mother grew up in China and then immigrated to America. Looking at the repeated words, we discussed that one there are many words such as mother, sister, father and Aiyi. Most of the characters in this story belong to one family, June May’s family. It suggests to us that the tale is about relations and where we stand in our family. Even Aiyi brings practically her whole family to see her brother and niece. This is also one of the stronger traits of the Chinese cultures where there are many family occasions. The Story also constantly talks of â€Å"blood.† In the western culture, blood, which is usually connected with red, symbolizes a sacrifice, death and also a bloodline. As we look at the previous repeated words, the â€Å"blood† means a lineage of family and relations. Blood also signifies your identity. In the story, May June, does not understand her Chinese blood identity at the beginning. She was embarrassed by her mother’s behavior. She did not realize what it meant when her mother said â€Å"Once you are born Chinese, you cannot help but feel and think Chinese†¦It is in your blood, waiting to be let go.† She admits that even though she is 36 years old, â€Å"I’ve never known what it means to be Chinese.† It is not until she goes to China and finally meets her half sisters that she understands what it is to be Chinese. â€Å"And now I see what part of me is Chinese. It is so obvious. It is my family. It is in our blood. After a ll these years, it can finally be let go.† Red color in the Chinese tradition is different fro... ...er Chinese culture and identity to Jing-mei. The title â€Å"A Pair of Tickets,† is the story of a father and daughter on a journey from one place, America, to another, China. The action from moving from America to China, also symbolizes the movement of Jing-mei’s recognition of her identity as she shifts from her American culture to her new Chinese Culture that was already in her blood. Not only is this journey a physical action, but also a spiritual journey. Through this spiritual journey, Jing-mei, clarifies her identity, the struggles of trying to accept her Chinese roots, and the misunderstandings she had of her mother. She gains respect towards her mother as she learns the battle her mother has fought to get to America. In the course of this journey, Jing-mei has learned to understand and respect her family. â€Å"After all these years, it can finally be let go.†

Regulatory Paper: EMTALA

The health care industry has many regulations to ensure proper care is given, information is protected, and organizations are operating properly. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act statue of 1986 is no exception. In the following the EMTALA law will be explained with its purpose, how it is enacted, key points of information about the law, consequences for failing to abide the law, and how this regulation affects many different aspects, including the management of employees, resources, patients and the health care sector itself.Established in 1986, by Congress, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act as part of Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) of 1985 (ACEP, n. d. ). EMTALA was initially created to prevent what is known as â€Å"patient dumping†, the transfer of uninsured or underinsured patients from private to public hospitals solely based on the patients’ inability to pay. The intent was to ensure everyone had access to emergency medical treatment and is now known as one of the most comprehensive regulations regarding the guarantee of medical care in a hospital, in addition to emergency care (Emergency, 2001).Investigations of violations of the law are the responsibility of the HCFA and the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services (Emergency, 2001). Any hospital or physician not complying with requirements of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act can face strong consequences and large fines. The fine for negligently violating EMTALA can reach $50,000 for a hospital or physician, except hospitals who have less than 100 beds, whose fine is limited at $25,000 (ACEP, n.d. ).A non-direct consequence consists of the hospital or physician being revoked from eligibility of the Medicare program (O’Shea, 2007). Although this consequence is not very likely to occur, it still is a very serious possibility. The American Medical Association conducted a Patient Care Phy sician Survey in 2001 with the following facts (O’Shea, 2007): In a typical week of practice more than 95% of emergency department physicians will provide EMTALA covered care.More than 30% of all physicians will provide EMTALA covered care in a typical week. On average, EMTALA covered care makes up 22. 9 hours of an emergency medicine physician’s week and 9. 7 hours of a surgeon’s week. These are important facts for employees to understand because it shows how often EMTALA covered care will be presented to a hospital each week. As with most things in life, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act has both positive and negative effects on the different aspects of the health care world.EMTALA provides the additional tasks of ensuring employees are properly trained and properly handling and executing situations. It can be debilitating on resources as the patients are uninsured or underinsured and will not have the ability to pay for the services obtained. For patients, EMTALA is a very positive regulation that provides the ability to receive the health care services needed, without the added stress to produce insurance coverage or the money before they are able to receive care.As far as the affect of health care in general it can be debilitating and overwhelming because many patients who lack health insurance coverage attend the emergency room because they have the right to an exam rather than utilizing a primary care physician who could deny services due to nonpayment. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act is a complex law that has the intention of protecting the patient, regardless of who they are or what they may possess.Although many may suggest that there is room for improvement, based on the amount of money lost from nonpaid bills of patients’ care protected by EMTALA, it nonetheless serves the purpose of its intention. Employees should be able to understand what the law is, the law’s purpose and who enacts it , key facts about EMTALA, consequences of failing to comply and how the regulations affect management of employees, resources, patients and health care.

A Foundation Week Story Essay

What is Foundation week? Other students celebrate it by not going to school because for them it’s the time of their rest day but other students celebrate it by going to school and hanging out with their friends. As students of College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, we celebrate Foundation week by making ourselves busy. On September 22, 2014, Monday, the programme starts with the Cultural Competition and due to our Anatomy Class we’re not able to watch the competition, on the afternoon, the search for MR. and MS. Batangas State University starts. At the end of the competition, MR. Malvar and MS. CEAFA got the title for MR. and MS. BSU 2014. On the Second day of the Foundation Week, September 23, 2014, Tuesday, the programme starts with the opening talk of the University President Dr. Tirso A. Ronquillo, on the same day we perform our Bench Yell and Launched the newest symbol of valor, â€Å"The Red Spartans† , the University’s official mascot which designed by Mr. John Jeffrey Alcantara were â€Å"The Red Spartans† define the values of BatStateU; Unity, courage, and excellence. After that event we start our cooking for our Booth in the Students Fair, the third year BSND are the assigned in cooking, while second year students serves as their helping hands. On September 24, 2014, Wednesday, we need to go to school early for us to end up early our cooking session. On the same day, the opening of intramurals and cheerdance competition held, and due to our cooking we’re not able to watch the competition and according to other students who witnessed the competition, the Main Campus got the title. On September 25, 2014, Thursday, we started the day by cooking for our booth and end up the day by cleaning our booth. On September 26, 2014, Friday, Last day of the Foundation week, we started the day same as we started last Thursday, before the day ended up, the judges decided who has the best booth, and the College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences won the title. With the theme: â€Å"BatStateU @ 111: Gearing for the ASEAN Challenge of Excellence† , Foundation Week ended up successfully yet stressful but it helps us, the students, to apply what we are learning.

Free Essays on Esternal Factors

The external factors that contributed in the downfall of â€Å"Sam the record man’ can be viewed as: Political forces: Given the fact that we evoluate in a mixed economy, meaning that the government does play a key role in how business operate, I believe that some sort of regulations against music downloading on the internet should have been in place that could have protected records stores. Economic/Global forces: Knowing that our economy is very much tied a to the us, it would be only fair to assume that the repercussions of September 11th are felt in canada.analysis shows that there is a decline in the spending habits of consumer, they tend to think more long term. Also we need to keep in mind that foreign owned business being large buyers might be able to give a better sale price on the same good.competiton is what make our economy thrive and what enable us consumer to most of the time the better deal. Technological forces: The fast growing business that is the internet has enabled users to get access to a lot of information and services such as napster (downloadable music site), that provides free music.given the fact that most people that buys the records are young and don’t have a lot of financial ressources.given the choice between paying or not, they would choose the later. Competitive forces: We live in an economy that favors competition, so a strong organizations and marketing plans within the company are essential along with a product that is competitive quality and price wise.sam lacked all of those and faced with some of the larger corporation hey did not stand a chance especially the way their internal business was run. Societal forces: Because of the culture that we live in American music is the one that is popular. Unfortunately for sam the Canadian music industry is not as well know as the American one, so by supporting Canadian artist which was honorable he failed to see fill consumer prefer... Free Essays on Esternal Factors Free Essays on Esternal Factors The external factors that contributed in the downfall of â€Å"Sam the record man’ can be viewed as: Political forces: Given the fact that we evoluate in a mixed economy, meaning that the government does play a key role in how business operate, I believe that some sort of regulations against music downloading on the internet should have been in place that could have protected records stores. Economic/Global forces: Knowing that our economy is very much tied a to the us, it would be only fair to assume that the repercussions of September 11th are felt in canada.analysis shows that there is a decline in the spending habits of consumer, they tend to think more long term. Also we need to keep in mind that foreign owned business being large buyers might be able to give a better sale price on the same good.competiton is what make our economy thrive and what enable us consumer to most of the time the better deal. Technological forces: The fast growing business that is the internet has enabled users to get access to a lot of information and services such as napster (downloadable music site), that provides free music.given the fact that most people that buys the records are young and don’t have a lot of financial ressources.given the choice between paying or not, they would choose the later. Competitive forces: We live in an economy that favors competition, so a strong organizations and marketing plans within the company are essential along with a product that is competitive quality and price wise.sam lacked all of those and faced with some of the larger corporation hey did not stand a chance especially the way their internal business was run. Societal forces: Because of the culture that we live in American music is the one that is popular. Unfortunately for sam the Canadian music industry is not as well know as the American one, so by supporting Canadian artist which was honorable he failed to see fill consumer prefer...

Use of Performance Appraisals as a Reward System

Use of Performance Appraisals as a Reward System Performance appraisal has been described as the process whereby the relative worth of an employee in a particular company is evaluated. It involves measurement of an employee’s work behaviors, comparing them to already established standards and communicating the results back to the employee. Performance appraisals were instituted as a means of income justification i.e. they were used to decide if an employee deserved to be paid a given wage amount (Lawrie, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Performance Appraisals as a Reward System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This application of performance appraisals has continued until now but many arguments have been raised on its usage particularly as a means to justify pay increases or cuts. Personally, I believe performance appraisals to be an integral part of an organization operation and that its advantages outweigh any disadvantages perceived. In the p ast, performance appraisals were only used as a remuneration tool whereby it was assumed that a rise or a cut in pay was the only motivation employees needed to improve their work. This view however changed after numerous researches proved that the traditional system often failed since salary levels was not the only element that determined employee performance (Locher Teel, 1977). The modern performance appraisal system is aimed at identifying an employee’s strengths and weaknesses as well as determining ways of improvement and subsequent skills development. The performance appraisals are also used to determine reward outcomes whereby bonuses, promotions and pay increases are allocated to employees who are judged to have performed above a given level. The main purpose of a given company is to generate profits and thus employee management is a very important aspect. One of the most important features involved in employee management is the performance appraisal system. When co rrectly used, it serves as a tool for identifying and fixing problems facing the employees. Non-productive members in the organization can also be identified and appropriate measures taken either through training or dismissal. Performance appraisals should inherently be associated with reward outcomes. It is essential for organizations to distribute rewards in an open and fair manner whereby those most deserving in regards to merit and results are identified and justly rewarded. The performance appraisal system is the only process available that can be applied to achieve a rewarding system that is fair and consistent. Apart from this performance appraisal also offer other advantages when used as a pay-increase system. Employees generally expect to be rewarded when they perform better and tend to distrust the management if they feel someone who is less deserving has received a reward (Lawrie, 1990). This can be easily solved using a performance-based pay increase system. Secondly, th is system allows for financial planning.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Time and time again, companies face financial difficulties and thus it is very hard to distribute what little is available among the workers. With a performance appraisal system geared on pay increase, the company can isolate those individuals who really deserve an increase from the rest. However, many critics have pointed out that this system is flawed without any way to perfect it (Derven, 1990). Many have pointed out that this system damages trust between managers and employees in the workplace thus undermining harmony in the workplace. The performance appraisal system is usually done by the managers who are given the task of being the judge and the jury. The employee in this case becomes the defendant trying to defend their performance levels to a work mate. If negative feedback is provide d an employee becomes disgruntled and the communication system between the employees and the management team begins to suffer (Heathfield, 2009). Another argument against the use of the system for pay increases or cuts is that it limits an employee from performing at his/her personal best. Once an employee receives a feedback that he does not believe to be fair, he becomes defensive and his work begins to suffer as he believes the manager is against him and that there is no need for him to apply himself (Derven, 1990). In conclusion, a performance appraisal system that is used to determine pay increase has its flaws but is indispensable to any particular organization. Since no alternative way to fairly judge who merits a pay increase and who does not, this system cannot be neglected. If a well structured appraisal system does not exist in a company, people will informally and arbitrary judge each other’s work performance creating more problems in the organization. Reference L ist Derven, M.G. (1990). The paradox of performance appraisals Personnel Journal, 69(4), 107-111. Heathfield, S.M. (2009). Performance Appraisals Don`t Work. Retrieved from https://www.thebalancecareers.com/performance-appraisals-dont-work-1918846 Lawrie, J. (1990). Prepare for a performance appraisal. Personnel Journal, 69(2), 132-136.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Performance Appraisals as a Reward System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Locher, A.H., Teel, K.S. (1977). Performance appraisal a survey of current practices, Personnel Journal, 56(5), 245-257

Analysis of the U.S. Health Care System

Analysis of the U.S. Health Care System U.S. Health Care System Radhika Chhabra Healthcare within the United States has captured different people within the field such as business leaders, policy makers, and health experts to give the system a reformation. Within the year of 1993 and 1994 the United States government has changed over the course of the year and made sure that the reformation of the nation’s health care system stays intact. There are many underlying issues within the health care system and they need to have problems fixed as soon as possible and provide care to patients that are needed. â€Å"Unlike many other issues, the polls of American health care could be defined simply: health care costs too much and too many Americans go without needed care. Yet agreeing on a cure for those ills proved to be exceedingly difficult† (Cloyd, 2014). The United States carries on different ideas to improve their healthcare system and it seems like the way of expansion they need to have the proper access t o provide the correct services that are needed within the U.S. health care system. Within the U.S. healthcare system the costs need to be lowered because the prices are tending to escalate within different organizations and the delivery of healthcare. The United States has been tied up within their problems and their main concern is the financial resources that are unable to be provided to them. This is one of the reasons why the U.S. depends on other countries to look for cures and other solution to provide medical care for patients. With different accesses that should be able to guarantee the control of costs within a health care facility. It tends to make it more difficult at times when they do not know what to expect and that ends up being risky and uncertain. The U.S. health care system needs to be successful with changing the system and the way they approach patients in the delivery. â€Å"Therefore the right question is whether measures exist that can improve conditions subs tantially within a reasonable amount of time. Different health care systems meet different needs and set different priorities. Each health care system tries to meet priorities, and in doing so each has disadvantages and advantages† (Cloyd, 2014). By reforming the healthcare system the U.S. should follow other countries institutions and making decisions what is best for their patients and their facilities. The consideration is that the country adopted other conditions from other countries and that makes it clarify that that it cannot be possible to transition into another nation’s health care system. The people that are involved within the transition are the ones that are interested with specific features of other medical equipment and what they system provide to help patients out with their care. The U.S. system has different companies around the country that will provide medical care to their patients but have adaptation from different Japanese manufactures that will p rovide high quality techniques. The reason why the United States can adopt different aspects of different countries healthcare systems is because they can learn from each other on their culture and technology. People are showing the same and or different challenges that they face within a medical facility and for those reasons they are able to learn off one another. â€Å"Thus, the search for solutions has become global in scope, as the United States looks beyond its borders to examine how other industrialized nations provide and finance health care. Such lessons from abroad are made possible by cross-national comparisons and analyses of the extensive comparative data and information available† (Cloyd, 2014). There are different challenges that people tend to face within the American health care system and those are: the pressure of populations, the medical increases in costs and expensive procedures that are being done. Different nations are having a hard time of balancing t hese issues and making sure that they get resolved in a timely matter to making sure that everything works best for the patients. â€Å"There’s a bright side, to be sure. The U.S. leads the world in health care research and cancer treatment, for instance. The five-year survival rate for breast cancer is higher in the U.S. than in other OECD countries and survival from colorectal cancer is also among the best, according to the group (Kane, 2012). The US and other countries need to show an interest in another and see the benefits from each country and what they can provide for one another. Medical facilities need to feed off one another from different countries and see what they can provide and bring to the table that way their expansion can be bigger and better.

Cooperative Systems (Evolution of Management Class) Essay

Cooperative Systems (Evolution of Management Class) - Essay Example There should be communication links between management and employees. Each and every employee should be regarded as an individual and his individual requirements should be identified and fulfilled in order to motivate him to work jointly with his coworkers for the organizational goals. The organization is a cooperative structure where each employee’s requirements are satisfied. According to Bernard, the management of an organization has the responsibility to make sure that employees are prepared to recognize the organizational goals as their joint goals so that they can support the organization jointly. Employees’ individual motives should be associated with organizational goals. Therefore, employees’ satisfaction and organizational goals are linked to one another and cannot be accessed without each other’s assistance. The managements of the organizations, which are functional nowadays, have to keep the principle of employee satisfaction within their view as it is quite relevant for running successful organizations. The managers are required to keep comprehensible links with their employees so that they are well aware of each other’s requirements.

Compare and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and contrast - Research Paper Example â€Å"A Hungry Artist† is another globally acclaimed short story written by Franz Kafka about two decades after Chekhov’s The Lady with the Dog and describes what the nature of an individual’s life is in very troublesome circumstances. The artist in the story is victimized by the society in which he lives and Kafka through creating this unique character adeptly explores the themes of isolation and deteriorated human relationships and how they influence a person’s actions. In this essay, I plan to compare and contrast â€Å"The Lady with the Dog† and â€Å"A Hungry Artist† on the basis of the themes of social isolation, victimization, and corrupted human relationships. Gurov, a Russian banker, is introduced by Chekhov as a very unhappy and unfaithful husband who is deeply dissatisfied by his marital life and frequently cheats on his wife. By having affairs with other women, he corrupts the relationship he has with his wife. Though despising al l women in general, Gurov has a strange yet very refreshing encounter with an unfamiliar lady named Anna while vacationing in Yalta. Like every time before, Gurov intends to only have a short lasting affair with the woman and then simply part ways in order to save his reputation and protect himself from social condemnation. However, this time things take a different turn and Anna develops emotional feelings for Gurov. They start an affair spending most of their time in Yalta together and taking long drives. All of this continues while Anna’s husband is also expected to arrive in Yalta which stresses on the inevitable human need to connect with someone under whatever circumstances and how a person could sometimes be left so isolated and starving in a relationship that he/she would seek whatever means to fulfill that hunger. The threat of community rejection and social condemnation is always there for both Gurov and Anna but dissatisfaction in their respective marriages is a hu ge motivating factor for continuing the affair. Both characters’ reputations and marriages are at risk and social rejection is in itself a huge devastating consequence. Still, they cross all social barriers to indulge in a sense of closeness. Unlike other women in Gurov’s past with whom he has had affairs, Anna excites him with sadness and innocence in her character which he finds very difference and intoxicating even. Chekhov emphasizes Gurov's yearning with acute intelligence by expressing that â€Å"she, this little woman, in no way remarkable, lost in a provincial crowd, with a vulgar lornette in her hand, filled his whole life now, was his sorrow and his joy. He thought and dreamed† (Research Matic). Other women that Gurov has ever known have no trace of innocence in them but Anna is the only woman in his life who manages to really excite his desires and attract him towards herself. After arriving back in Moscow, Gurov’s idea that his memories of Ann a will soon fade out by immersing himself in daily work routine does not remain successful. This is because his marriage brings him no happiness and only serves to foster the sense of loneliness which secretly gnaws at his heart every moment of his life. Anna’s company in contrast seems to be the perfect antidote for all the emptiness inside him yet it is fraught with the threat of social victimization and

Components of Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Components of - Research Proposal Example Components of Research Proposal This paper, thus, aims to discuss research proposals and their components, in order to equip the reader with at least an idea pertaining to how to write a research proposal. Discussion A research proposal defined is a statement of intent to explore a subject or topic, and following is a detailed plan for this exploration. A student seeks the help of more experienced people, such as their faculty professors for supervision of their research, as well as guidance. For this reason, the students must ensure that the research proposal they prepare is useful, as well as acceptable, and feasible, for every person involved (Kolb, 2008). One can consider a researcher to be a voyager on the path to discovery, where the proposal is the star that guides their journey and help them avoid fault turns. A few essential sections are needed in every research proposal in order to be complete, other than the title page, abstract and table of contents. These are: Introduction When one embarks on the task of exploring something, it always helps to start with a vague yet much needed description of what the research question actually is. This description is a brief statement of the reason for interest in the topic, and the general nature of the concern. There are several possibilities for the themes, which the introduction can have (Ethridge, 2004). It may describe a person or coalition, which raises an issue for the researcher such as change in law affecting taxation in municipalities. Other than this, the topic may just be one that is a subject of interest of concern for the researcher, for which there is not enough information available. Finally, the topic may be related to something that provokes the researchers’ curiosity, like wanting to know what the conflicting opinions of citizens about health policies in a certain area (Ethridge, 2004). The proposal must go on to turn this general concept into a specific research question, which reveals the authors area of focus and th e hypothesis it plans to test (Kolb, 2008). The question should be one that challenges or explores a concept, and one that the researcher cannot yet answer. One way of narrowing the proposal down to one such question is to first draft a proposal with several questions, and then specify the line of inquiry. Objectives & Rationale In the objectives, the researcher states their aims from the research, and the specific and general goals it has. The rationale of the proposal (Jansen, 1997) brings forward the problems one can expect from the research, and any limitations that the researchers will face during it. It discusses these while keeping in focus the main purpose for wanting to conduct the research, the ‘rationale.’ Research Statement Here, the researcher will state the research question mentioned above, with brevity and clarity. They will also mention their intentions in the research, and the achievements they have planned. The thesis of the paper, which will follow l ater on, will revolve around this question. Theoretical Framework (Literature Review) The literature review of the paper will consist of a heavy amount of research, from formal and scholarly sources. This will consist of information both theoretical and empirical. This information will be required to present an argument in light of the question, whether by purporting it or opposing it, in order to build a clearer understanding of the topic (Ethridge, 2004).

Abu-Dhabi City Using GIS Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Abu-Dhabi City Using GIS Techniques - Essay Example While agencies are conventionally linked with catching the criminals after the crime, they are also tasked with preventing crimes before they happen (Dressler, 2002). To do this, Police not only take active measures but also use intelligence gathering and data to develop strategies. Traditionally, resources have always been limited and impeccably utilizing this data has been questioned. Collecting actual information from different sources is the prime responsibility of any intelligence organization. Although different tools of technical devices are in operation in gathering information, to me, these are inadequate and as a consequence, we are not able to pre-empt the impending danger of criminal activities. Main issues posing hurdles in identifying the ensuing possibility of any danger lies in (a) effective information sources (b) coordination (c) timely actionable information/intelligence (d) quick decision makers, etc. The only effective way to combat criminal activities is the ado ption of high-end Technologies. This would definitely act as force multipliers; improve in decision-making not only in police organizations but also in other government agencies. One solution to this is the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for crime analysis (Chainey and Ratcliffe, 2005). A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a blend of computer technologies that incorporate huge databases of spatial data and provides a display and query interface for constructing and analyzing spatial relationships. GIS utilizes both geography and computer-generated maps as an interface for incorporating and assessing huge amounts of location-based information.  

National Geographic Photography Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

National Geographic Photography - Dissertation Example Founded in 1888, the National Geographic Society, publishers of National Geographic Magazine, developed its mission, which is "for the increase and diffusion of geographic Knowledge." (â€Å"Penn Museum Presents in Focus 2005). More than a century later, they are still fulfilling this mission of bridging the differences in our world, drawing our large world a little closer, and reminding us that all humans have the same basic needs no matter where we live. Through photographs that capture the very essence of human beings, they have managed to achieve their goals and have an effect on society in an amazing way. â€Å"The images in the exhibition also speak to the magazine's shifting role in society during a century of war, peace, and rapid technological and cultural change. Images from the 1930s and 40s, for example, reveal the magazine's efforts to divert attention away from the hardships of domestic life during the Great Depression and World War II.† (Penn Museum Presents in Focus 2005). Explorers Hall is the name of The National Geographic Society Headquarters. The building takes up an entire block and yet it can hardly contain the items, photos, and all that makes up the National Geographic Magazine and what it represents and has accomplishes. The National Geographic Society has ventured from photography and publication to education, multimedia, philanthropy, and so much more.

HIV in Nursing Issue according to Different Research Works Annotated Bibliography

HIV in Nursing Issue according to Different Research Works - Annotated Bibliography Example Even if the study of Taher and Abdelhai (2011) refers to a specific part of the population, the nurses, it could be effectively used for controlling the expansion of HIV in various social and professional groups. The research conducted by Taher and Abdelhai (2011) was divided into three phases: in the first phase, the two nursing groups were asked to complete a questionnaire (p.145). During the ‘health education intervention’ (p.145) that followed, nurses were given material related to HIV. After the completion of the above program, nurses were asked to complete another questionnaire (p.145). The comparison of the pre-session and after-session questionnaires helped the researchers to identify the role of IEC programs in controlling the expansion of HIV among nurses. It was proved that the intervention led to the increase of awareness of nurses in regard to HIV. An important increase of the general knowledge score was reported: From 7.29 before the intervention to 8.01 after the intervention (p.146). Also, undergraduates seemed to be more benefited by the intervention than the postgraduate nurses (p.146). The IEC programs can be effective in controlling the expansion of HIV within various social groups. The perceptions of nurses on caring and communicating with people that suffer from HIV can influence the performance of nurses in regard to the above activities. It is probably for this reason that Stavropoulou et al. (2011) have decided to focus on the particular subject. A key issue, also explored in the study mentioned above, is a potential effect on education on caring for people with HIV. The research has been conducted through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to nurses of the Technological Educational Institution of Crete, Greece. In total, 100 questionnaires were completed (p.291). A high percentage of the participants, about 40%, stated concerns for caring people with HIV (p.291).  

National Geographic Photography Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

National Geographic Photography - Dissertation Example Founded in 1888, the National Geographic Society, publishers of National Geographic Magazine, developed its mission, which is "for the increase and diffusion of geographic Knowledge." (â€Å"Penn Museum Presents in Focus 2005). More than a century later, they are still fulfilling this mission of bridging the differences in our world, drawing our large world a little closer, and reminding us that all humans have the same basic needs no matter where we live. Through photographs that capture the very essence of human beings, they have managed to achieve their goals and have an effect on society in an amazing way. â€Å"The images in the exhibition also speak to the magazine's shifting role in society during a century of war, peace, and rapid technological and cultural change. Images from the 1930s and 40s, for example, reveal the magazine's efforts to divert attention away from the hardships of domestic life during the Great Depression and World War II.† (Penn Museum Presents in Focus 2005). Explorers Hall is the name of The National Geographic Society Headquarters. The building takes up an entire block and yet it can hardly contain the items, photos, and all that makes up the National Geographic Magazine and what it represents and has accomplishes. The National Geographic Society has ventured from photography and publication to education, multimedia, philanthropy, and so much more.

Wild Scenes Essay Example for Free

Wild Scenes Essay Bill Crow’s Jazz Anecdotes is a thought-provoking, often amusing collection of stories from within jazz’s inner circles, told by and about some of the genre’s leading figures. While not a history of jazz, it gives readers some insights to how jazz artists worked, lived, bonded, and coped with an America in which many were still outsiders. The book’s forty-three chapters (expanded from the original 1990 edition) describe the life jazz musicians shared, offering insights into a rather exclusive, unconventional circle of performing artists. The numerous anecdotes are categorized by chapters, gathering related tales and moving from a general overview of jazz life to anecdotes about individuals, like Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and Benny Goodman. Essentially, Crow creates a context in which jazz musicians lived, and then places individual musicians within it, giving readers a better understanding of how they functioned in this rarified climate. For example, the volume opens with â€Å"Wild Scenes,† which Crow says describes how â€Å"the individuality of jazz musicians combines with the capricious world in which they try to make a living† (Crow 3). The brief chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book, giving glimpses of the unconventional world jazz musicians inhabited (which explains to some degree their relationship to society at large). â€Å"The Word ‘Jazz’† contains attempts to explain the origins of the genre’s name, and â€Å"Inventions† offers accounts of how certain innovations occurred (such as Dizzy Gillespie’s distinctive bent trumpet), giving the reader a sense of history though the work is not an orthodox history per se. Many of the stories contained in Jazz Anecdotes convey the musicians’ camaraderie and warmth toward each other, as well as each other’s idiosyncrasies. Others convey how difficult and often arbitrary the jazz lifestyle often was. â€Å"Hiring and Firing† demonstrates how unstable many musicians’ careers were, rife with disputes over money or dismissals for their personal quirks. (For example, Count Basie fired Lester Young for refusing to participate in recording sessions occurring on the 13th of any month. ) â€Å"Managers, Agents, and Bosses† offers a glimpse into the seamier underside of jazz, where dishonest managers and mobsters often trapped jazz performers in unfair contracts or worse. Though jazz musicians appear to inhabit a special world, Crow does not discuss jazz in a social vacuum, tying it to social phenomena like race relations. In â€Å"Prejudice,† the tales take a more serious tone by showing how black jazz artists faced abundant racism, particularly in the South. However, Crow notes that â€Å"Jazz helped to start the erosion of racial prejudice in America . . . [because] it drew whites and blacks together into a common experience† (Crow 148). Jazz artists dealt with racism in various ways – Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday stood up to it while Zutty Singleton accepted it. Meanwhile, even white musicians like Stan Smith angered both races – whites for performing with blacks, and blacks for â€Å"intruding on their music† (Crow 152). The final chapters focus on individual artists, illustrating the greats’ personalities. Louis Armstrong emerges as earthy and good-hearted; Bessie Smith as strong and willful but ultimately self-destructive; Fats Waller is an impish pleasure-seeker given to excellent music but poor business decisions; and Benny Goodman as gifted but tight-fisted and controlling. Taken as a whole, Jazz Anecdotes offers a look at jazz’s human side, including its foibles, genius, camaraderie, crookedness, and connection to an American society from which it sometimes stood apart. Its legendary figures are depicted as gifted, devoted artists who enjoyed hedonism, companionship, and particularly independence. If any single thing stands out in this book, it is the latter; for the figures in this work, jazz meant creativity and freedom, which they pursued with equal vigor and vitality. Crow, Bill. Jazz Anecdotes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Damages to Mammalian Neural Activity Treatment

Damages to Mammalian Neural Activity Treatment Utilizing Prokaryotic Channels, Organic Biometric Neurons and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin to Reverse and Repair Damages to Mammalian Neural activity Stephen Shay Introduction One of the most detrimental conditions that a patient can acquire is damage to the nervous system. Major damages can include vascular disorders, congenital, degenerative disorders and trauma. These damages and disorders often involve abnormal neurochemical and electrical signaling (Purves et al. 2012). There are currently many treatments available for patients suffering damage to the nervous system. These possible treatments can range from surgery, physical therapy and medications for autoimmune diseases which can help a patient adapt to or possibly provide a small fix for their individual situation but the underlying problem may still subsist. The damages caused to mammalian axons in the central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate or repair after injury with issues such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or demyelinating conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) leading to affected nerve fibers which will no longer work correctly as shown by Mierzwa et al. (2015). This can leave s ites of injury in patients unmanageable and without a clear path to recovery. To remedy this, a toolbox has been proposed utilizing a series of recent research. Nguyen et al. (2016) describe a method which would allow for direct enhancement of electrical excitability in human cells through the overexpression of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC). Simon et al. (2015) developed an organic electronic biometric neuron, which has the capacity to integrate within a malfunctioning signaling pathway. Lim et al. (2016) present that through stimulating neural activity and the cell-growth-promoting pathway of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mice which their visual neurons silenced would see RGC axons regenerated and re-innervated. Utilizing these tools; engineered prokaryotic channels to increase tissue excitability, organic electronic biomimetic neurons to mimic the function of physiological neurons and bridge the affected zone to the rest of the nervo us system, and utilizing visual neural stimulation along with activation of the mTOR pathway to stimulate axon regeneration, it opens up the possibility to reverse and repair conditions caused by damages and afflictions to the nervous system. Prokaryotic Channels Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are fundamental to cell-to-cell communication in the nervous system, and their loss of function can lead to a variety of different disorders (e.g. neuronal, cardiac and skeletal muscular). These VGSCs, in electrically excitable tissues, allow for the firing and spread of action potentials. Ren et al. (2001) along with Koshi et al. (2003) had provided novel insight into the structure and biophysical properties of VGSCs and a large bacterial family of VGSCs called BacNav. Utilizing this bacteria Nguyen et al. (2016) established a platform to enable stable conversion of primary human fibroblasts into action potential conducting cells which can slowly recover conduction in tissues with pathological conditions. Versatility was shown as Nguyen et al. with applying this technology to human ventricular fibroblasts (HVFs), human astrocytes (Has) and HECK293s into engineered electrically excitable cells (E-HVFs, E-HAs and E-HEK293s, respectively) (Nguyen e t al.). Though this study only focused on the alteration of specific amino acid residues in BacNav, E43 and D60, a variety of possible combinations can be explored to further expand the possibilities of this approach. Organic Biometric Neurons Currently most neurological therapies are based in and rely on medication and electrical stimulation. Larsen et al. (2013) presented how a newer class of technology called iontronics, which is based on polyelectrolytes and à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugated semiconducting polymers, can work as organic electronic electrophoretic transport devices. Iontronics exhibit a unique combination of ionic and electronic properties, enabling transduction between electronic impulses and biochemical signals. Applying this, Simon et al. (2015) presented an organic electronic biomimetic neuron or artificial neuron with the hopes it can be used to restore use to malfunctioning signaling pathways. These artificial neurons are based on the basic chemical-electrical-chemical signal transduction like projected neurons use in communication with one another hoping to find a potential for long-range neuronal signaling. Simon et al. had concluded their results offered a novel means for auto-regulated neuromodulation bas ed on endogenous substances, enabling malfunctioning neuronal signaling pathways to be restored or augmented, thus returning the damaged area to a chemically and electrically balanced healthy state. The artificial neurons also present a conversion of glutamate-induced descending neuromuscular signals into acetylcholine-mediated muscular activation signals may be obtained, applicable for bridging injured sites and active prosthetics (Simon et al.). Neural Activity Combined with Activated Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Focusing on the eye-to-brain pathway which consists of RGC connections to subcortical targets [as] a widely used model for studying vertebrate CNS regeneration (Vidal-Sanz et al. 1987) (Park et al. 2008), Lim et al. (2016) shows how that the stimulation of RGC activity leading to their axons regeneration and by looking at axon damage in the CNS they observed avenues in which they can regenerate and restore correct connectivity patterns. Lim et al. had found that enhancing neural activity and mTOR signaling in RGCs, we observed long-distance, target-specific RGC axon regeneration in adult mice showing a mechanistic combination that can lead to axon regrowth and repair. This research may prove informative for devising treatments for the damaged visual system, spinal cord or other CNS regions in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases or physical trauma (Lim et al.). Proposed Method of Combination Therapy and its Prospect of Neuromodulation Through its Application/Discussion There are important functional implications for the anatomical regeneration of the different parts of the nervous system. Utilizing a combination of these tools that these research teams worked on, its possible to come up with a possible combination therapy to reverse or repair serious damages when it comes to the nervous system. A treatment involving these tools would be a personalized therapy requiring costume gene editing for the prokaryotic channels, specialized artificial neurons for the site of damage and while using out-patient or in-patient therapy to stimulate neural activity and enhance mTOR. If done together the possibility is open for neuronal regeneration and chemical and electric stabilization, for affected tissue and site of injury. References Koishi, R., Xu, H., Ren, D., Navarro, B., Spiller, B. W., Shi, Q., Clapham, D. E. (2003). A Superfamily of Voltage-gated Sodium Channels in Bacteria. Journal of BiologicalChemistry, 279(10), 9532-9538. doi:10.1074/jbc.m313100200 Larsson, K. C., Kjà ¤ll, P., Richter-Dahlfors, A. (2013). Organic bioelectronics for electronic-to chemical translation in modulation of neuronal signaling and machine-to-brain interfacing. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) General Subjects, 1830(9), 4334-4344. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.024 Lim, J. A., Stafford, B. K., Nguyen, P. L., Lien, B. V., Wang, C., Zukor, K., . . . Huberman, A. D. (2016). Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons. Nature Neuroscience, 19(8), 1073-1084. doi:10.1038/nn.4340 Mierzwa, A. J., Marion, C. M., Sullivan, G. M., Mcdaniel, D. P., Armstrong, R. C. (2015). Components of Myelin Damage and Repair in the Progression of White Matter Pathology After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Neuropathology Experimental Neurology, 74(3), 218-232. doi:10.1097/nen.0000000000000165 Nguyen, H. X., Kirkton, R. D., Bursac, N. (2016). Engineering prokaryotic channels for control of mammalian tissue excitability. Nature Communications, 7, 13132. doi:10.1038/ncomms13132 Park, K. K., Liu, K., Hu, Y., Smith, P. D., Wang, C., Cai, B., . . . He, Z. (2008). Promoting Axon Regeneration in the Adult CNS by Modulation of the PTEN/mTOR Pathway. Science, 322(5903), 963-966. doi:10.1126/science.116156 Purves, D. et al. (2012). Neuroscience. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Ren, D. et al. (2001). A Prokaryotic Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel. Science, 294(5550), 2372-2375. doi:10.1126/science.1065635 Simon, D. T., Larsson, K. C., Nilsson, D., Burstrà ¶m, G., Galter, D., Berggren, M., Richter-Dahlfors, A. (2015). An organic electronic biomimetic neuron enables auto regulated neuromodulation. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 71, 359-364. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.058 Vidal-Sanz, M., Bray, G.M., Villegas-Pà ©rez, M.P., Thanos, S. Aguayo, A.J. (1987). Axonal regeneration and synapse formation in the superior colliculus by retinal ganglion cells in the adult rat. J.Neurosci. 7, 2894-2909.

Critical Analysis of The Indifferent by John Donne Essay -- Indifferen

Critical Analysis of "The Indifferent" by John Donne "The Indifferent" by John Donne is a relatively simple love poem in comparison to his other, more complicated works. In this poem, "he presents a lover who regards constancy as a 'vice' and promiscuity as the path of virtue and good sense" (Hunt 3). Because of Donne's Christian background, this poem was obviously meant to be a comical look at values that were opposite the ones held by Christians. According to Clay Hunt, "['The Indifferent'] is probably quite an early poem because of the simplicity and obviousness of its literary methods, its untroubled gaiety, and its pose of libertinism, which all suggest that Donne wrote [the poem] when he was a young man about town in Elizabethan London" (1-2). The poem "mocks the Petrarchan doctrine of eternal faithfulness, putting in its place the anti-morality which argues that constancy is a 'heresy' and that 'Love's sweetest part' is 'variety'" (Cruttwell 153). The first two stanzas of the poem seem to be the speaker talking to an audience of people, w hile the last one looks back and refers to the first two stanzas as a "song." The audience to which this poem was intended is very important because it can drastically change the meaning of the poem, and has therefore been debated among the critics. While most critics believe that the audience changes from men, to women, then to a single woman, or something along those lines, Gregory Machacek believes that the audience remains throughout the poem as "two women who have discovered that they are both lovers of the speaker and have confronted him concerning his infidelity" (1). His strongest argument is that when the speaker says, "I can love her, and her, and you and you," he first points out two random nearby women for "her, and her", then at the two that he is talking to for "you and you."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first stanza begins rather simply. Donne starts every line with either "I can love" or "Her who." According to Hunt, the tone of the first stanza goes from "weary and patient entreaty" to "a climax of irritation at the end" (4) in the lines "I can love her, and her, and you and you / I can love any, so she be not true." The first eight lines simply list opposite character types, but the last two lines go to "her, and her, and you and you", then to any, "just before Donne springs the sho... ...hold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This poem presents a speaker that holds morals opposite the ones accepted by the greater part of society. While this poem is not incredibly complicated, it is very interesting to see how Donne spends the first 25 lines of the poem building up a convincing argument, then completely rebutting it in the final two lines. He refers to promiscuity as a vice and constancy as a virtue, using many sexual references to help illustrate his points. Donne successfully creates a character in a simple love poem that believes that there is nothing more to love than lust, and then uses his point of view to portray a portrait of love that is completely opposite of what Donne wants the reader to get from the poem. Works Cited Cruttwell, Patrick. "John Donne." Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 24: 153. Hunt, Clay. Donne's Poetry: Essays in Literary Analysis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954. Machacek, Gregory. "Donne's The Indifferent." Explicator [CD-ROM] 53.4 (Summer 1995): p. 192, 3 p. Availible: Magazine Article Summaries Full Text Elite. Item Number: 951025812. McNees, Eleanor J. "John Donne." Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 24: 207.

Japanese Internment Essay -- Internment Japanese Americans History Ess

Japanese Internment The 1940’s was a turning point for American citizens because World War II was taking place during this time. Not only was America at odds with other countries, but also within its self. America is a huge melting pot full of diverse cultures and people from all nations. People travel from all over the world to the United States of America. These people had one goal in mind, a life of freedom and equal opportunity; or so they thought. The Japanese first began to immigrate to America in the 1860's in Hawaii. â€Å"Until the 1880’s only a handful settled in the United States. From then until 1924 when the United States excluded Japanese immigrants, less than 300,000 had settled in American territory.† (Davis, 1982) These people saw America as land of "freedom". So when they came to America they did everything they could as to not be associated with the likes of the Chinese culture, which were also migrating to America at this time. â€Å"Anti-Asian activists, who had first mobilized against Chinese immigrants when they began arriving in California in the 1840’s, employed the same â€Å"yellow peril† imagery to attack Japanese immigrants in the late nineteenth century.† (Murray, 2000) To the naked eye of Americans, the Japanese and Chinese people seem to be physically the same. Actually these were two totally different cultures. One of the first groups of Japanese who came to America was known as Gannenmono; who mostly resided on the west coast and Hawaii. They earned a rough living while working on sugar plantations. Because of the horrible working conditions, many of the immigrants often went on strike. The workers complained to the Japanese government, which in response sent an ambassador to settle the problems. The American born children of these immigrants are known as Issei; in other words, the first generation. This generation of people did everything they could to Americanize themselves. The second generation of children is known as Nisei. Even though these children were American, their families still wanted them to remember their culture. Therefore, many children of this generation had dual citizenship between Japan and America. Children were often sent back and forth over seas to stay with grandparents. Third generation Japanese-Americans are known as Sansei. There was also a generation called Kibei. These were American born citizens that m... ... the U.S. government. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988, signed by President Ronald Regan, provided an official apology from the U.S. government and an individual payment of $20,000 to each Japanese internee that was still living in 1988. Works Cited †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daniels, Roger (1971). Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, INC. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daniels, Roger. (1972). Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, INC. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daniels, Roger. (1981). Concentration Camps: North America. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, INC. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Davis, Daniel S. (1982). Behind Barbed Wire. New York: E.P. Dutton, INC. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hatta, Julie. (2002). Jainternment, http://www.jainternment.org/ †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ikeda, Tom. (2003). Densho, http://www.densho.org †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Murray, Alice Y. (2000). What Did the Internment of Japanese Americans Mean? Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spicer, Edward H. (1969). Impounded People. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yu, John C. (1996). The Japanese American Internment, http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/main.html

Act one of the crucible Essay

Most of the names shouted out may be random, but Abigail has a vengeance to settle. This is why Elizabeth Proctor is later called to trial. Act One doesn’t show Abigail shouting out Elizabeth Proctor’s name because it would ruin the climax when Elizabeth must go. It would make it far too obvious and the audience would be expecting it. Even though confusion runs high in this act, Miller manages to slip in a few important and easily understood facts, such as who has a grudge against who and why they bear that grudge. Some of the grudges are quite complex and are over complicated matters such as Abigail disliking Elizabeth Proctor. This grudge is quite complex because it is mixed up in the fact that Abigail is jealous of Elizabeth for being John Proctor’s wife. Others, such as Thomas Putnam’s grudge against Rebecca Nurse are quite simple. These grudges manage to affect justice later on in the play, because everybody is just out to settle a personal score. Act one is a good introduction to this. Each character adds the influence of their personality. They also bring forth their own piece of information to the story. Each character has a small, domestic story line which is eventually shown to give an extra insight into the story. Each character adds tension to the story line in the shape of what information and dramatical influence they have to give to the play. One other question is that of witchcraft. Did the girls actually do anything magic in the forest or were they just mucking around and pretending that what happened was worse than it actually was, just to get a bit of attention? There are conflicting statements about what they were doing. At the beginning Abigail is saying that all they did was dance. Then, slightly later, Mrs Putnam says that her daughter, Ruth, was trying to conjure up the spirits of her seven dead babies. Also, when Betty wakes, she talks about Abigail drinking blood and making a charm to kill Elizabeth Proctor. It is also mentioned that Tituba did some of her ‘Barbados magic’. With these different explanations, the reader and audience must rely on attitudes and behaviour to give them the answer. Mary Warren, for instance, is very nervous and this must be for a reason. Also, Abigail gets very tetchy and defensive to start with whenever witchcraft is mentioned. It is here that the phrase ‘there’s no smoke without fire’ comes into play. The girls were obviously doing something which wasn’t allowed otherwise they wouldn’t act so anxiously around the subject. The film had an interesting take on the opening sequence. Whereas in the book, the girls were supposed to have been dancing in the forest to Tituba’s songs, the film shows them performing proper black magic. They have a cauldron and are standing in a circle around it. One by one they drop a herb or some flowers into the mixture before, finally, Tituba kills a bird and puts that in as well. This was an interesting way to start the film as it makes it look as if the girls were actually dabbling in the occult. This is another example of how Miller uses confusion constructively as it makes you think about what’s really happening. This play has roots on many different levels, not least in the domestic family life – Most referred to in Act One and Act Two. It is a kind of commentary on family life, neighbourly feuds and shrouded affairs gone public. Miller’s play tells a story of guilt, regret, darkness, anger, vengeance, mass hysteria, hope, benevolence among the unscrupulous and heroism. In his lavish text Miller makes sure that there is always at least one emotion which you can relate to and that there is always a saving-grace for each character, something to make you sympathise with them-if only a little. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Patience is a Virtue Essay

Patience is a virtue that every man and woman must strive to have. Without it, things can go horribly wrong, people would have faced much fights and arguments and there will be chaos in this world. Those who are impatient waste their lives thinking of the future. Furthermore many times, bad experiences often help build a better character, so if you are always rushing throughout your life without waiting for the results, how can you learn from your mistakes? Impatience will give you a lot of regrets in life, that is why we need to practice our patience so that there will be peace in you and in our society. The Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary tells us that patience is to be able to remain calm and not to become annoyed when waiting for a long time or when dealing with problems or difficult people. In Christianity, patience is one of the most valuable virtues in life. It is also one of fruits of the Holy Spirit. A good example of patience is Jesus Christ who had enough patience for seeing us sin against Him as He patiently forgives us each time we sin. Patience brings peace to our mind, helps us make the right choices, bring about enjoyment, right understanding, success, and fulfillment of goals in life. If everyone were to have patience in this world, there would be no more suffering, madness, misunderstandings, failures, and chaos in this world. If you are an impatient person, don’t feel depressed because you aren’t patient. Everyone commits mistake and everyone can change. We must be patient and understanding, life is too short to be vengeful and malicious. Like what Jean-Jacques Rosseau said â€Å"Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.†

Ryanair’s Strategic Issues and Suggestion

Ryanair (0704007 business ) their strategy Ryanair's strategy is to offer their services with cheap price. So their competitive advantage is â€Å"Cheaper price† than other rivals. To maintain cheaper price than other rivals, they faces several problems. facing problems There were several challenges faced by low cost carriers in Europe like rising aviation fuel costs, ensuring staff productivity and maintaining a large fleet for expansion. 1. There are lots of airways which is provide cheap fare of flight such as easyjet, Virgin express, Air Berlin and so on.As minor airways use the same routine, minor airports get a purchasing power from the airlines competition. It is hard situation for Ryanair to minimize the fare. 2. The aviation turbine fuel costs fluctuated as economic and political situation changes and increasing demand of fuel. Also, the fuel should be paid by US dollars, so change of exchange rate affects to the fuel cost. Ryanair had not added surcharges like other airlines so that they could maintain lower fares.But increasing fuel cost makes hard to maintain lower price for Ryanair. 3. As I mentioned earlier, there are so many airlines offer cheap fares in Europe. The major competitors of Ryanair were easyJet, bmibaby, Air Berlin, SkyEurope, Wizz Air and Aer Lingus. Also, there were other low cost substitutes like train and tram services in Europe. 4. Ryanair want to expand their business in the European continent as it was becoming popular tourist destination. Also it is planning to expand its network to North Africa.It requires more aircraft, human resources, and agreements with airport authorities and governments. But the incidents of terrorism in UK and Europe, requirements from airport authorities and governments is hard for them. providing solutions 1. As there are quite lots of airlines which offer low fare of flight, they can be united and make a union of lower fare flight. Then they can have a purchasing power to local airports. 2. When the CEO judges the fuel cost goes up and thinks the time of low cost of fuel, CEO can make a long term contract with oil supplier.At this strategy, CEO's judgement is really important. Also, the company can do Forward Trading of oil. 3. Customers choose some airlines by fare and service. As the automatic devices are developed fast, they can reduce the cost by replacing from human resources to automatic devices. But the part of offering services, employees should be focused. 4. Do negotiation with the countries such as North Africa, US etc , then try to be liberalization. After the negotiation, business expansion will be easier.

Gender and language in ELT materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and language in ELT materials - Essay Example emic and social discourses around the world for several decades now. Gender issues such as equality have taken centre stage in the world today, and many efforts are being directed at eliminating all forms of discrimination against women; gender equality has now been acknowledged as a universal human right and was articulated as the third millennium goal of the Millennium Summit in 2000 (Deirdre and Maryann 2008, p.303). Education reflects the global efforts by addressing issues such as gender equality and inequality in society; however, there could be worrisome possibilities that education of women, men, girls and boys, has been compromised in the past because of both explicit and implicit gender bias. In this respect, gender bias and language in the English Language Teaching materials have been major areas of focus in the current practice, in an effort to crackdown on any forms of gender bias against the women in society. This paper aims at examining gender and language in ELT mater ials in the current practice, to highlight, among other things, the new understandings of gender inherent in the ELT materials, in addition to the language specifics of ELT materials. Gender biasness in ELT materials can be explained by the ambivalent sexism theory because they depict both hostile sexism -denoting an active antagonistic view of women that, both explicitly negative and restrictive, and benevolent sexism-beliefs that women should be cherished, adored and protected from harm (Mehta et al 2013, p.38). As far as benevolent sexism is explicitly positive, it restricts women by viewing them stereotypically and in limited low-status roles, thus is just as potentially damaging as hostile sexism. Ambivalent sexism is built on three major aspects namely dominant/protective paternalism, gender differentiation and, heterosexuality; dominant paternalism/competitive or heterosexual hostility and gender differentiation are elements of hostile sexism whereas protective paternalism is an element of benevolent sexism. Dominant paternalism is the mechanism through which attributes thought to be suitable for positions of power and structural control are assigned to men whereas protective paternalism is the idea that women are ‘weaker sex’ that should be protected and cherished. Heterosexual hostility is the belief that women use their sexuality to control men; competitive gender differentiation refers to the belief that men are the only sex with characteristics such as ambition and agency, which are essential for positions of power and high status. It is no doubt that language is a very powerful tool of socialization that often times shapes the social constructions of gender in many societies across the world today; for decades now, studies have been concerned with the social justice issues. One of the predominant themes of these investigations has always been the role of language in the location and maintenance of women in disadvantageous position in society (Corson 1992, p.230). It has been established repeatedly that education plays a major role in creating unjust

Improving Maternal health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Improving Maternal health - Research Paper Example Despite maternal health concern being in the millennium development goals, the condition is still wanting. Maternal has for been a leading cause of death for many women and children. Efforts have been made to handle the situation with political aid. According to world health organization report of 2012, it has led to the global reduction of maternal health by 47% since 1990 to 2012. However, approximately 800 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. In most underserved and marginalized communities are unable to access the information, resources, and services leading to prevailing of poor maternal health. Filippi demonstrated the health condition in developing countries to be poor compared to the developed countries (361). The factors that drive communities to high mortality rates despite the measure put to control are variety. Poverty, lack of knowledge, cultural ties, few skilled attendants and distance to hospitals are contributing factors to mor tality deaths. There is a need to look into the issue deaths related pregnancies to safeguard the lives the mother and the child. WHO report of 2013 suggested an estimation of 289,000 women died during delivery. According to Bergsma, the situation in developing countries is 97 times worse than in developing countries. Antenatal care would reduce maternal mortality (35-54). The majority of deaths are reported to occur during and immediately following birth. WHO â€Å"Maternal Mortality† report shows that excessive bleeding causes 25%, 15% due to infections, 12% for the seizure disorder and 8% are due to obstructed labor. Other causes of death during pregnancy include unsafe abortions that account for 13% of the total deaths. The situation is so alarming in the society and needs further actions to reduce the deaths globally. The issue of death is extended to the postpartum period.  

Brand makrketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand makrketing - Essay Example The primary goal of brand positioning is to build a strong and longer-lasting relationship between the brand and buyer. With so many brands out there competing for consumer's attention, this takes some doing indeed. This makes brand positioning an unenviable exercise of communicating in an "over-communicated" society, whose objective is to let your stand out in the din of marketing activities. You may have an excellent product in your hands, manufactured in the most innovative process, but this does not guarantee success in the present-day market where image and symbols are more important than process, product quality or need. The symbolic meanings of brand include prestige, status and personality. For a company to develop its brand positioning effectively, it must project an image that has these symbolic meanings of brand. A brand is made up of the name, logo and other visual elements like images, fonts, color schemes, and symbols. All these are part of brand image, a symbolic construct created within the minds of people, which consists of all the information and expectations associated with a product or service. In developing a brand positioning strategy, the logical first step is visibility. The organization needs to give its brand maximum visibility and this entails a lot of expense and effort, such that brand positioning is not for top management and CEOs who are overly concerned with costs. While making the brand visible, there are 6 suggested strategies of brand positioning that the company can take up: 1. Link the brand to a particular need. The brand should be presented as an answer to a consumer need that has not been adequately served by existing brands. 2. Associate the brand with a pleasant mood. People want escape from the stresses of modern living, so any brand that evokes ugly and unpleasant moods is likely to rate low in consumer preferences. 3. Make the brand appeal to subconscious motives. Marketing techniques that are indirect and subtle make people think, contrary to those that are too simple and direct. 4. Condition the consumers' mind to prefer the brand through a reward system. A reward system may come in the form of giveaways, taste tests and similar promotional activities. 5. Provide attractive models for consumers to emulate. The company may sign up movie stars and beauty queens as its brand icons for such brands as personal care products, who will endorse the brand in all its ads. For consumer brands targeting men, high-profile athletes are appropriate as brand icons. 6. Break through the known perceptual and cognitive barriers to consumer preference. These barriers may have something to do with culture, such that a product designed for Western consumers will have little appeal to Asians. 2. Brand Personality Question: How can a cereal manufacturer use the brand personalitytheories to solve a problem regarding a new brand of breakfast cerealit has developed that it wants to give a brand personality distinct from its other cereal products The

Japanese media and pop culture in East Asia, especially in Korea Essay

Japanese media and pop culture in East Asia, especially in Korea - Essay Example Japan is one of the few countries that started experimenting with the television in 1920’s (Brown, J., & Brown, J. 2006, 198). Television, however, began dominating Japan’s households in the 1950’s. The NHK General TV and the Nippon Television were the first television programs. In as much as TV programs may vary across stations, News programs dominate the early morning hours. The early evenings comprise anime programs. On the other hand, most movies occur in the night hours. It is crucial to highlight that the typical Japanese television has always entailed dramas, animes, and science fiction movies. Both Korea and Japan strive to satisfy a diversified consumer base that comprises different preferences. For instance, adults prefer serious television programs such as news and political discussions. On the other hand, the younger generation gears towards anime and movies. Pop idols emerged in Japan in the early 1970’s. The society was growing out of conservatism and it entailed a reconnaissance that favored the proliferation of pop idols in Japanese cultural scene. In the Japanese cultural scene, idols are teens and twenty-year old young people who are considered media-attractive. Pop idols may be singers for popular groups, TV personalities, models, and actors. Sylvie Vartan, a Ye-Ye singer, was one of the most significant pop idols that ushered a new cultural scene in Japan (Iwabuchi, K. 2004, 124). By acting in a French film, Cherchez, she attracted instant popularity. Another prominent example regards the case of Momoe Yamaguchi, who became a singer and acted in several television dramas. It is essential to highlight that such pop idols appeared and quickly disappeared from the limelight. In the 1980’s, there would be as many as forty idols that would appear in a year. The popularity of female idols, however, waned in the 1990â€⠄¢s due to rising rock idols such as Kinki Kids and V6 (Craig, T. J. 2000, 89). Unlike their

WRITTEN CRITIQUE OF SCHOLARLY ARTICLE Research Paper

WRITTEN CRITIQUE OF SCHOLARLY ARTICLE - Research Paper Example This section provides sufficient summary of various aspects included within the study. The methodology, results and conclusions have been effectively summarized within the abstract. These summaries remain fundamental in enabling other individuals making reference to the article to understand its relevance even before perusing through the details contained inside. The abstract also contains a summary of the keywords that have been included within the research. These words are essential in seeking to enable individuals to understand the contents. The research was conducted by eleven researchers most of whom have been involved in numerous academic institutional departments. As individuals who are actively involved in the educational sector, they have the right qualifications to be able to undertake a probe of such nature. The author affiliations have been provided, and this is essential in increasing reader confidence in the results of the research. The article containing these research findings was published in the Annals of Behavioral Medicine, which is a peer-reviewed medical journal with an impact factor of 3.169 as of 2012. The credibility of the authors and the impact factors of the journal, in which the article was published become basic elements that enhance the confidence of the findings established by the investigators. The theoretical framework has not been clearly described. Despite the importance of this framework in research studies, the lack of the conceptual framework within this research does not change the significance of the study. The study focuses on seeking to establish the effectiveness of tobacco tactics intervention, and background information has been provided regarding the topics being reviewed. The background information plays a significant role in informing other researchers on various aspects, which have been included. Though not clearly outlined, the various aspects of the framework are

A Leader in On-Line Travel Services Essay Example for Free

A Leader in On-Line Travel Services Essay The travel industry is billion dollar a year business. Year round people from all walks fill the roads and departing plane seats in search of travel success. There is no doubt that the travel industry will continue to be in demand, however, while vacationers, business travelers and everyone in between anticipate spending a good chunk of change to get from point a to point b, no person wants to part with their hard earned money. Thankfully, some genius out there understood this. Along with the evolution of the technological advances came a miraculous source for locating the best deals in travel, from flights to hotels to car rental. Based on the number of travel websites available, no longer do discounted travel options belong solely to commissioned travel agents. Today, everyone from housewives to grandpas to beer-guzzling football fanatics have the capability of obtaining their own travel deals. Parented by Expedia, Inc and based in Washington State, Expedia. com revolutionized the way people travel the world, and as time continues, its services only get better. With a bit of research, a pen and some paper, soon-to-be travelers are able to decide what airline or hotel best suits their needs (and their wallets) all with just a few clicks of the mouse. While competitors such as Travelocity and Priceline offer much of the same services, Expedia. com continues to be a leader in the travel industry (PR Newswire, p. 1). Thousands of hotels, airlines and other travel accommodators have joined in to vie for the traveler’s business, and the wooing has resulted in deep discounts and sometimes little extras, such as free hotel nights. Expedia. om’s early days were a bit primitive, but as the demand for travel options increased, the business flourished. Expedia. com has become a household name among travelers and will continue to be a source for deal seekers around the world. Expedia. com’s big break came in 1996 when Richard Barton, who, at the time, was responsible for creating CD-ROMS for Microsoft, presented the idea of offering travel options on-line (NetIndustries, p. 1). Microsoft Network1 reluctantly began assisting in web exposure in order to generate business for the experimental company (NetIndustries, p. ). While discounted airline tickets were the only product Expedia was offering at the time, the investment Microsoft placed in technological innovations for the company greatly expanded the number of people coming across Expedia. com’s website. A few short years would prove that Expedia. com was not just some fly-by-night ‘dot-com’. In 1999, Microsoft Network spun off a portion of their interest in Expedia for public availability; a move that increased Expedia. com’s worth within hours (NetIndustries, p. 1). With success under their belt, Microsoft opted to sell its entire interest in Expedia. com to USA Networks, Inc. 2. Led by CEO Erik Blachford, Expedia. com is wholly owned by InterActiveCorp (PBM, p. 1). Teaming up with Classic Custom Vacations, Expedia Corporate Travel and Travelscape. com, Inc. , Expedia. com found itself in the perfect position to expand the types of travel services offered, and could continue fulfilling their mission of utilizing electronic sourcing in order to provide the best travel options to its users (About Expedia. com, p. 1). Services available through Expedia. com include discounted flights, hotel accommodations, auto rental, cruises and even vacation packages, all for domestic and international destinations. Additionally, the company offers guidance to travelers who are unsure of the type of travel they are seeking. By clicking the ‘activities’ tab on the website, destination seekers are able to view events taking place all over the world (Expedia. com, p7). Additional services include printable maps, an easy 1. Microsoft Network, a major software developer, assisted Expedia. om by providing technological resources, to include premium web exposure, which played a major role in Expedia. com’s growth. 2. USA Networks, a media based operator, changed its name to USA Interactive upon completing its purchase of Expedia. com. USA Interactive also owns Expedia. com competitor Hotels. com (SJP, 2002). to maneuver website and 24/7 customer service. Along with success, Expedia. com endured its share of struggles. In early operations, Expedia faced several lawsuits, including one from competitor Priceline. om for infringing on a patented â€Å"name your price† service. Other competitors, such as Travelocity. com were heating things up by adding new features and services to their websites. Expedia. com’s defense was to play-up the features and services they already used by launching a major marketing campaign using tags like â⠂¬Å"Don’t just travel. Travel right,† and â€Å"Where do you want to go today? † (NetIndustries, p. 1). While the marketing campaign was a success, profit success was short-lived when some airlines stopped paying commissions to on-line travel agents, including Expedia. om. While competitors such as Priceline. com tagged on hefty $10. 00 surcharges to customers using airlines who didn’t pay commissions, Expedia was able to negotiate with several airlines in order to avoid charging additional fees to customers, while continuing to offer those airlines’ services without feeling too much of a punch (NetIndustries, . 1). Overcoming these challenges, Expedia continues its success by utilizing a product line pricing strategy, which entails offering a variety of products at ranged pricing, or bundling packages and charging accordingly. A mere 11 years old, Expedia. com has become established nationally as well as internationally. Today, Expedia. com’s success continues. It employs 1,758 people, and averages sales at an estimated $590 million (NetIndustries, p. 1). The future includes focusing on the business traveler, whose needs are being met by providing the widest range of products possible, and offering little comforts such as the Expedia. com Cafe3. Cornering the market with the best deals, Expedia. com will continue to lead the on-line travel industry without missing a beat.

Age and Gender Differences in Attitudes

Age and Gender Differences in Attitudes A survey was carried out among people from two different age categories to determine whether age and gender individually result in different attitudes towards seeking psychological help. The 653 participants each completed a shorter version of the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale survey. The survey results were later grouped based on gender where there was 319 males and 334 females. The gender groups were again each classified into two age categories; as either young or older adults. The results indicated females have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help than males and that older adults have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help. It was also found that participants who had previously sought psychological help had more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help. This research needs to consider the methodological limitations, such as the selection of the participants by the experimenters, which could h ave biased the results and also whether the length of the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale survey produces different results. Age and Gender Differences in Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Psychotherapy has been described as embarrassing and potentially difficult and it induces fear and avoidance in some individuals (Vogel, Wester Larson, 2007). Andrews, Issakidis Carters study (2001, as cited in Vogel, Wester Larson, 2007) found that less than one third of individuals who experience psychological distress do seek help from a mental health professional (p 410). For many people, counselling and seeking psychological help is an uncomfortable way to deal with personal problems. This may be true for many men as the findings of most studies related to attitudes towards seeking psychological help have been particularly consistent that women tend to have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help (Fisher Farina 1995). Some researchers have found that age is another barrier which underutilizes help seeking (Mackenzie, Gekoski Knox, 2006) and it is generally uncommon for an individual to discontinue a psychological service once they have experience it for t he first time (Deane Todd, 1996). Attitudes towards psychological help seeking vary between individuals due to avoidance factors and demographic influences. Kushner and Shers study (1989, as cited in Vogel, Wester Larson, 2007) found that different avoidance factors are likely to vary in their intensity and importance depending on the characteristics of the individual (eg., sex, age) as well as social and cultural differences (p 413). Vogel, Wester Larson (2007) stated that some researchers have suggested that traditional gender roles influence professional help seeking (p 414) which is possibly why males avoid seeking help. The behaviours and characteristics associated with traditional masculinity form a system of social beliefs- that is, an ideology- regarding the expectation of how men should be (1995, as cited in Levant, Wimer, Williams, Smalley Noronha). This ideology influences the way that adults think, feel and behave in gender matters. Therefore, males may feel that they need to mask their problems due to traditional masculinity which is why females are mainly found to have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help. Veoff, Kulka Douvan (1981) believe that adolescents and seniors are both reluctant to help-seeking due to one avoidance factor in common; Social norms, which changes across the age groups. However, social stigma has been conceptualised as one of the most significant barriers to treatment for both younger and older adults (Vogel, Wester and Larson, 2007). Vogel, Wester and Larson (2007) concluded that younger adults however are more affected by the avoidance factor social stigma as adolescence is a time of developing and building a sense of identity. Being a young adult is also the time when peers and norm groups may be particularly salient (1989, as cited in Vogel, Wester and Larson, 2007). Therefore, some young adults may be reluctant to help seeking because of the threats as being judged negatively (2002, as cited in Vogel, Wester and Larson, 2007). Some individuals may or may not find psychological help beneficial and this determines whether they continue or discontinue the service. However, most people who have received help from a professional psychologist or counsellor rate themselves as more likely to continuing seeking help as compared to people who have received no psychological help (Deane Todd, 1996). Consistent with this research, females with more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help rate themselves as more likely to seek professional help (Deane Todd, 1996). The present study aimed to determine whether age and gender affect attitudes towards seeking psychological help. From the research examined, it was anticipated that age, gender and previous history of counselling influences attitudes towards help seeking. It was hypothesised that females will have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking than men and younger adults will have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help. It was also hypothesised that individuals who have previously sought psychological help would have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking. Method Participants The 653 participants in this study consisted of 319 males and 334 females. Participants needed to be specifically selected based on their age, since the research involved investigating age and gender differences in attitudes towards seeking psychological help. There were two age categories that separated the younger adults from the older adults. Younger adults were classified between the ages of 18 years to 30 years of age, whereas the older adults were classified over 55 years of age. Of the 653 participants, 373 participants were classified as younger adults and 280 participants as older. The younger adults group consisted of 178 males and 195 females, whereas the older adult group consisted of 141 males and 139 females. The mean age of the 653 participants was 38.05 (SD= 20.10) and the ages ranged from 18 years of age to 85 years of age. The mean age of the 178 younger male adults was 21.72 (SD= 4.38), whereas the mean age of the 141 older males was 60.11 (SD= 6.10). The mean age of the 195 younger female adults was 20.90 (SD= 3.26), whereas the mean age of the 139 older females was 60.64 (SD= 7.73). Materials A shorter version of the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale was used to measure participants attitudes towards seeking psychological help. The scale for each statement ranged from 0 (disagree) to 3 (agree). The scale contained 10 statements, some of which expressed negative attitudes towards seeking psychological help and other expressed positive attitudes. Reverse scoring was needed for the statements which expressed negative attitudes towards seeking psychological help so that a higher score represents a more positive attitude. The statements which represented positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help did not have to use reverse scoring. The maximum possible score was 30 which represented the highest positive attitude towards seeking professional psychological help, whereas the minimum possible score was 0, which represented the lowest support for seeking professional psychological help. A demographic sheet was also attached to the Attitudes Towards Seeking Psychological Help Scale. The demographic sheet questioned for information such as date of birth, age, sex, occupation, country of birth and whether the participant has had no, little or a lot of counselling prior to completing the scale. Procedure The shorter version of the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale was provided to all students attending Victoria University who are enrolled in Psychology 1B. Psychology 1B students were instructed to make an additional three copies as they each needed to survey four people. Each Psychology 1B student needed to survey two males and two females, however one participant from each gender needed to be either 18 years of age to 30 years of age and the other needed to be over 55 years of age. The participants were not allowed to complete the survey if they were a psychologist or a psychology student. The unit coordinator of Psychology 1B derived the mean age and mean attitude score towards seeking psychological help for the following categories: (a) young male adults, (b) young female adults, (c) older male adults and (d) older female adults. Results An analysis of the mean attitude scores towards seeking psychological help for each of the four participant categories were used to determine whether the hypotheses were supported. The mean attitude scores towards seeking professional psychological help for all four participants categories are presented in Table 1. Table 1 The mean attitude scores towards psychological help seeking Males Females Younger (18-30) 15.13 18.36 (5.56) (5.01) Older (55+) 14.74 19.78 (6.76) (6.07) Total 14.96 18.95 (6.11) (5.52) Note. Numbers in brackets are the standard deviations of each mean attitude score. The results from Table 1 indicates that females have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help with a mean of 18.95 (SD=5.52) as compared to males who scored a mean of 14.96 (SD=6.11). This finding supported the hypothesis that females have a more positive attitude towards seeking psychological help than males. From the table, it is also evident that older participants have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help with a mean of 17.24 (SD=6.90), as compared to younger adults who scored a mean of 16.82 (SD=5.52). This result did not support the hypothesis younger adults have a more positive attitude towards seeking psychological help than older adults. In terms of counselling history, a no counselling history was mostly reported. Of the 653 participants, 418 participants had never had counselling before with a mean of 15.76 (SD=5.98), 203 participants have had little counselling before with a mean of 18.69 (SD=5.71) and 32 participants have had a lot of counselling with a mean of 22.44 (SD=5.62). Discussion In this study, two of the three hypotheses were supported. Both hypotheses (a) females have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help than men and (b) individuals who had previously sought psychological help would have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking were supported in this study. However, the hypothesis (c) younger adults will have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking than older adults was not supported. A gender difference in attitudes towards psychological help seeking is one of the most consistent findings in the literature (Ang, Lim Tan, 2004). In the present study, the results suggested that females had more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help than men. This finding supports the results of previous research of Vogel, Wester and Larson (2007) where they researched factors that inhibit seeking help. In their study, Vogel, Wester and Larson (2007) found that gender role plays a part in psychological help seeking. This was evident as men were more likely to think that they would be stigmatized for consulting a psychologist or counsellor. Women in contrast, are more open towards seeking psychological help and feel comfortable and less ashamed. However, because gender role is recognised by so many people, women may feel that they are expected to act reverse to a man. In this study, females may have felt that it would only be normal for them to have positive attitude s towards seeking help as compared to men because they are usually classified as weaker and softer than men. To address this limitation in further research, participants should be given the opportunity to make a statement or comment on why they believe their gender should and should not seek psychological help. This may further help explain gender role which is defined as one of the most common factors that prevents seeking psychological help. On the other hand, a previous history or experience seeking psychological help indicated that participants were more likely to have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking than those people who have not sought help. Deane and Todds study (1996) supports the findings of this study as their results were very similar. For example, approximately 35% of participants have had little or a continuation of therapy in this study which is similar to the 40% of participants in Deane and Todds study (1996). In this study, participant needed to mark whether they had never had counselling before, have had little counselling or have had a lot of counselling. This approach used to determine whether a previous history encourages a positive attitude towards psychotherapy could have been used more effectively to find out the duration of therapy and for those who have had no counselling; to find out whether something is inhibiting them from seeking psychological help or if they simply do not need it. In future research, participants who have received psychotherapy both short term and long term should be questioned about the duration of psychotherapy they have had. On the other hand, participants who have not received psychotherapy should be given the opportunity to further elaborate on their choice of not seeking help. The results did not support the hypothesis that younger adults will have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help than older adults. These findings differ from those of previous studies (e.g., Mackenzie, Gekoski Knox, 2006; Vogel, Wester Larson 2007) in which respectively reported that older adults attitudes towards seeking psychological help are generally positive and younger adults are reluctant to help seeking due to a certain avoidance factor; social stigma. This could be due to the way researchers from previous studies tested their participants to determine their attitudes. In some studies, participants may have been tested for their opinions on psychological help seeking, whereas others may have been tested on their actual use of a psychotherapy service. In this study, participants were tested to determine their opinions towards seeking psychological help, whereas other studies may have tested peoples attitudes after using the service. Future research should mention what their participants are tested for so that other researchers are able to correctly support or find differences in their findings. A further limitation of the study was that the participants were not given the opportunity to provide statements about how they feel about seeking psychotherapy as a quantitative scale measure was used to determine their attitudes towards seeking psychological help. Therefore, their responses were restricted using the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale survey. Future research should also employ a qualitative measure to help support the results produced from a quantitative measure. Overall, the results of the study suggest that gender role does impact attitudes towards seeking psychological help as one gender consistently showed more positive attitudes towards help seeking. The results also suggest that older adults have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking than younger adults. It may be that adults in the present are exposed to a positive interpretation of psychotherapy which encourages them to view seeking psychological help more positively. Also, the results of the study suggest that a previous history of psychotherapy will make an individual view psychological help seeking with a positive attitude. This may be because the individual learns that the therapy is beneficial and outweighs their reasons for avoiding during psychotherapy.